Introduction to DTD
A Document Type Definition (DTD) defines the legal building blocks of an XML
document. It defines the document structure with a list of legal elements and
attributes.
A DTD
can be declared inline inside an XML document, or as an external reference.
Internal DTD Declaration
If the DTD is declared inside the XML file, it should be wrapped in a DOCTYPE
definition with the following syntax:
<!DOCTYPE root-element [element-declarations]> |
Example XML document with an internal DTD:
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE note [
<!ELEMENT note (to,from,heading,body)>
<!ELEMENT to (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT from (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT heading (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT body (#PCDATA)>
]>
<note>
<to>Tove</to>
<from>Jani</from>
<heading>Reminder</heading>
<body>Don't forget me this weekend</body>
</note> |
Open
the XML file above in your browser, and select view source or view page
source to view the DTD.The DTD above is interpreted like this:
!DOCTYPE note defines that the root element of this document is note.
!ELEMENT note defines that the note element contains
four elements: "to,from,heading,body".
!ELEMENT to defines the to element to be of
the type "#PCDATA".
!ELEMENT from defines the from element to be of the
type "#PCDATA".
!ELEMENT heading defines the heading element to be of the
type "#PCDATA".
!ELEMENT body defines the body element to be of the
type "#PCDATA".
External DTD Declaration
If the DTD is declared in an external file, it should be wrapped in a DOCTYPE
definition with the following syntax:
<!DOCTYPE root-element SYSTEM "filename"> |
This is the same XML document as above, but with an external DTD (Open
it, and select view source):
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE note SYSTEM "note.dtd">
<note>
<to>Tove</to>
<from>Jani</from>
<heading>Reminder</heading>
<body>Don't forget me this weekend!</body>
</note>
|
And this is the file "note.dtd" which contains the DTD:
<!ELEMENT note (to,from,heading,body)>
<!ELEMENT to (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT from (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT heading (#PCDATA)>
<!ELEMENT body (#PCDATA)>
|
Why Use a DTD?
With a DTD, each of your XML files can carry a description of its own format.
With a DTD,
independent groups of people can agree to use a standard DTD for interchanging
data.
Your application can use a standard DTD to verify that the data you
receive from the outside world is valid.
You can also use a DTD to verify your own data.
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